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Öğe Bread wheat responds salt stress better than einkorn wheat does during germination(2016) Aslan, Didem; Zencirci, Nusret; Etöz, Murat; Ordu, Bülent; Bataw, SaraSalt stress during germination degenerates crop establishment and declines yield in wheat (Triticum subsp.). Against salt (NaCl) stress, we investigated 12 bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and 10 einkorn wheat (T. monococcum subsp. monococcum) entries for germination rate, germinating power, coleoptile length, shoot length, root length, shoot/root length ratio, root fresh weight, root dry weight, and root fresh/dry weigh ratio. An effective blocking in variance analysis improved statistical significance and differentiation between germination stages and wheat entries. Salt total and salt ranking tolerance indices grouped the wheat entries into tolerant (Bayraktar 2000, Gerek 79, İkizce 96, Gün 91, Demir 2000, and Momtchil) and susceptible ones (Population-4, Population-14, Population-15, Population-9, Population-11, and Population-10). The best coleoptile length and root fresh weight developments occurred between 0 and 0.15 M and root length between 0 and 0.10 M salt doses. Coleoptile length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight started decreasing at 0.20 M. Pearson linear correlation coefficients were significant at different levels for coleoptile length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight. Spearman correlation coefficients were not significant between the worst salt affected characters of coleoptile length, shoot length, root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight characters under the control treatment but were significant under salt stress. A significant PC value of 0.356 was recorded for root dry weight, 0.335 for root length, 0.310 for shoot root length ratio, and 0.309 for root fresh weight in PC 1. The first three PCs accounted for 90.52% of total variation. The highest PC was PC1 (71.946%), followed by PC2 (11.098%), and PC3 (7.481%). The dendrogram of all wheat entries clearly differentiated bread and einkorn wheats as both salt indices did. Here, it seemed, then, that those bread wheat cultivars were more salt tolerant than einkorn populations, most likely because of their geographic origin differences.Öğe Cold, drought, and salt tolerance levels of some species and varieties of wheat (Triticum turgidium)(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2017) Aslan, Didem; Zencirci, NusretBuğday; dünyada ve Türkiye'de en çok üretilen ve tüketilen ikinci sıradaki tahıl olup hem besleyiciliği hem de insan sağlığı açısından önemli bir bitkidir. Yakın zamanlarda geliştirilen teknolojilere bağlı olarak le biyoyakıt olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Tarımı daha çok çevre-iklim- koşullarına bağlı olduğundan buğday üretimi yıldan yıla dalgalanmakta, artan nüfusla birlikte kişi başına düşen ekim alanları azalmakta ve bu nedenle üretimi sınırlanmaktadır. Üretimi artırmak; verimin artırılması ve canlı ve cansız faktörlerden kaynaklanan kayıpların azaltılması ile mümkündür. Küresel iklim değişikliği; artan insan faaliyetlerinden dolayı, dünyayı sürekli olarak olumsuz etkilemektedir. CO2, CH4 gibi gazların artması sürekli geri dönülemez doğa olaylarına yol açmaya devam etmektedir. Türkiye'de son dönemlerde meydana gelen mevsim dışı yağışlar ve yüksek sıcaklıklar büyük olasılıkla iklim değişikliklerinin bir sonucudur. Bu değişikliklerden kaynaklanan cansız stres faktörleri de buğdayda verim kayıplarının ana sebeplerinden biridir. Cansız bu faktörler, verim düşüklüğünü çimlenme döneminde daha çok etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle; modern ve kültüre alınmış buğday genotiplerinin kurağa, soğuğa ve tuza toleranslarının belirlenmesi yararlı olacaktır. Bu çalışma dış koşulların daha iyi kontrol edilebilmesi amacıyla laboratuvarda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada; Gerek-79, İkizce-96, Kıraç-66, Kenanbey, Flamura-85, Momtchil, Bayraktar-2000, Tosunbey, Pandas, Pehlivan, Demir-2000 ve Gün-91 olmak üzere 12 ekmeklik buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) çeşidi ve 10 adet siyez buğdayı (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum); Populasyon-1, Populasyon-2, Populasyon-4, Populasyon-5, Populasyon-6, Populasyon-9, Populasyon-10, Populasyon-11, Populasyon-14 ve Populasyon-15 kurak, soğuk ve tuzlu koşullara karşı iklim dolaplarında çimlendirilmiş ve bu faktörlerin değişik stres düzeylerinde test edilmişlerdir. Çimlenme hızı (ÇH), çimlenme gücü (ÇG), koleoptil uzunluğu (KU), çim boyu (ÇB), kök boyu (KB) çim kök uzunluğu oranı (ÇKUO), kök yaş ağırlığı (KYA), kök kuru ağırlığı (KKA) ve kök yaş kuru ağırlık oranı (KYKAO) ölçülerek ve/veya hesaplanarak 3 tekerrürlü faktöriyel tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde çalışılmıştır. Yedi farklı soğuk stresi altında buğdaylar kendi aralarında ve soğuk düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak çok önemli farklılıklar göstermişlerdir. On iki ekmeklik buğday çeşidi ÇH, KU ve KKA bakımından istatistiksel olarak çok önemli; KB ve ÇB bakımından önemli; ÇG, ÇKUO ve KKA bakımından da önemsiz farklılıklar sergilemişlerdir. Öbekağacı siyez ve ekmeklik buğdayları iki ana gruba ayırmıştır. Yedi farklı kuraklık stresi altında en hassas karakterler ÇB ve ÇKUO olmuş onları KU ve KB izlemiştir. Tüm özelliklerin ortalama performansı değişik stres düzeylerinden başlayarak kötüleşmiştir. En fazla düşüş ÇB'de (% 100.00), ÇKUO'da (%100.00) ve KB'de (%99.07), en az düşüş ise ÇG'de (%55.9) gözlenmiştir. Öbekağacı siyez ve ekmeklik buğdayları iki ana gruba ayırmıştır. Tuz stresi altında, en yüksek ÇH ve ÇG 0-0.20 M tuz konsantrasyonunda, en yüksek KU, ÇKUO, KYA ve KKA 0-0.15 M tuz konsantrasyonunda, en yüksek ÇB ve KYKAO ise 0-0.20 M tuz konsantrasyonunda tespit edilmiştir. ÇH, ÇG ve KYKAO değerleri 0.25 M; KU, ÇKUO, KYA ve KKA değerleri 0.20 M tuz konsantrasyonunda düşmeye başlamıştır. Yüksek örnek sayıları için hesaplanan Pearson doğrusal korelasyon katsayıları tüm değerler için çeşitli derecelerde anlamlı olmuştur. Anlamlı AB1 değerleri KKA için 0.356, KB için 0.335, ÇKUO için 0.310 ve KYA için 0.309 hesaplanmıştır. İlk üçte yer alan AB'lerin birikimli varyansı % 90.525 olmuştur. En yüksek AB değeri AB1 için %71.946, onu takip eden AB2 için %11.098 ve AB3 için % 7.481 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Öbekağacı siyez ve ekmeklik buğdayları belirgin iki ana gruba ayırmıştır.Öğe Diversity exists in development parameters and enhancement of antioxidant mechanisms of some einkorn and bread wheats under combined water deficits and salt stress(Mattioli 1885, 2017) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Bozat, Bihter Gökçe; Aslan, Didem; Zencirci, NusretIntroduction. Climatic changes worsen the production of wheat, an important stable crop while improving its some nutritional quality characteristics. Methods. Therefore, the purpose here was to evaluate some yield limiting factors as well as some quality characteristics in 8 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Kirac - 66, Kenanbey, Flamura - 85, Momtchill, Bayraktar - 2000, Tosunbey, Pandas, and Pehlivan) and 8 einkorn (Triticum monococcum spp. monococcum) populations (Populations - 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 15) under three different osmotic pressures (0.0 MPa., -0.5 MPa., or -1.0 MPa.) and three different salt concentrations [0.0 (distilled water), 50 mM or 100 mM NaCl]. Moreover, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities were determined. Results. Among bread wheat cultivars, Pandas had the longest shoot length, root length, the heaviest fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, and fresh root weight in the control group. In the einkorn populations, Pop - 6 had the longest shoot length, root length, the heaviest fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, and fresh root weight again in the control group. The heaviest dry root weight was obtained in Momtchill and Pop - 9 under drought stresses. The TPC was the highest in Kirac - 66 and in Pop - 10 under salt stress and the TFC was in Pehlivan under salt stress. The methanol extracts of Kirac - 66, Pop - 9, and Pop - 15 obtained under salt stress had stronger free radical scavenging activity than by ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Kirac - 66 had the highest free radical scavenging antioxidant activity under salt stress and higher secondary metabolite products (as flavonoids), which indicated the highest tolerance system under both drought and salt stress. Kirac - 66, which was improved for poorer, drier, and cooler lands had better root and metabolite production under combined drought and salt stress as expected.Öğe Einkorn wheat (Triticum Monococcum ssp. Monococcum) tolerates cold stress better than bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) during germination(2016) Aslan, Didem; Ordu, Bülent; Zencirci, NusretTwelve bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and ten einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum L.) populations were investigated for germination rate (GR-%), germination power (GP-%), coleoptile length (CL-cm), shoot length (SL-cm), root length (RL-cm), shoot/root length ratio (SRLR), root fresh weight (RFW-mg), root dry weight (RDW-mg), and root fresh /dry weight ratio (RFDWR) under seven different cold stress levels in a three replicate randomized complete block design with factorial restriction. Experimental materials, which were utilized in this research, showed significantly different responses under seven cold levels. From them, 20 bread wheat genotypes demonstrated higher significance for GR, RL, and RDW; significance for CL and SL; and non-significance for GP, SRLR, and RFW. Pearson linear correlation coefficients calculated were highly significant between RL-SL, RL-RFW, and RDW-RFW but not between GR-RFDWR, GP-RFDWR, CL-RFDWR, SL-RFDWR, RL-RFDWR, SRLR-RFDWR, RFW-RFDWR, and RDWRFDWR. Similarly, Spearman correlation coefficients were highly positive between GR-GP, GR-CL, GR-SL, GR-RL, GR-RFW, GR-RDW, GP-CL, GP-SL, GP-RL, GP-RFW, GP-RDW, CL-SL, CL-RL, CL-SLRLR, CLRFW, CL-RDW, SL-RL, SL-SLRLR, SL-FW, SL-RFDWR, RL-SRLR, RL-RFW, RL-RDW, SRLR-RFW, SRLRRDW, and SRLR-RFDWR. On the other hand, PCs were not significant for SL (0.156), RL (0.156), and RDW (0.156) in PC 1; significant in PC2 for RFDWR (0.99); and significant in PC3 for GR (-0.342). Cumulative variance of first three PCs was 87.58% and the average dendogram for both bread and einkorn wheat entries produced two main groups. As a result, einkorn wheat populations from higher elevations seemed to provide good genetic resources for cold tolerance during germination stages. It is obvious that these characters easily can be used in any wheat breeding programs against cold stress.Öğe Evaluation of bread and einkorn wheat under in vitro drought stress(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2017) Aslan, Didem; Aktaş, Hüsnü; Ordu, Bülent; Zencirci, NusretThe purpose of this study was to investigate the resistance of bread and einkorn wheat genotypes under in vitro conditions against drought stress during germination. Twelve bread and ten einkorn wheat genotypes were used as plant material and seven drought stress levels were applied based on a three-replicate factorial restricted randomized block design in order to investigate their effects on germination rate (GR), germinating power (GP), coleoptile length (CL), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot root length ratio (SRLR), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), and root fresh dry weight ratio (RFDWR) during the year 2014-2015. PEG - 6000 was used to evaluate the effect of drought stress under in vitro conditions on the wheat genotypes. The values of all traits were decreased by the increased effect of PEG levels (p = 0.05). The results of the variance analysis showed that the genotypes had significant statistical differences for the examined traits under drought stress (p < 0.05). According to the results of the GGE biplot analysis, of the total variation between the genotypes and traits investigated under drought stress (75.97%), PC1and PC2 represented 51.51% and 24.47%, respectively. In addition, einkorn wheat populations were located in the sector of GR, GP, and SRL, which means that these populations had a greater performance for these traits under drought stress conditions. Bread wheat and einkorn genotypes behaved differently for the traits under drought stress. It is considered that the results of the field and in vivo experiments for cold and drought stress will contribute to producing reliable suggestions.Öğe Salt, cold, and drought stress on einkorn and bread wheat during germination(2019) Zencirci, Nusret; Ulukan, Hakan; Ordu, Bülent; Aslan, Didem; Mutlu, Hakan Tahiri; Örgeç, MehmetClimate changes prompt salt, cold, and drought stresses especially during early crop growth stages. The damages during germination in wheat may even destroy whole crop. Here, 12 bread and 10 einkorn wheats entries were distressed under salt, cold and drought. Germination rate and germination power, coleoptile, shoot length, root length, shoot to root length ratio, root fresh and dry weight and root fresh to dry weight ratio were quantified under six salt, cold, drought stresses and one control. After ANOVA and LSD discriminated the entries, stress tolerance indices differentiated six tolerant and six susceptible entries. MANOVA, Pillai’s Trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests finalized the stress testing. Shoot and root length, root fresh and dry weight highly differed under salt, cold and drought. Bayraktar-2000 well tolerated salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Gerek-79 salt, salt-drought, salt-cold-drought; Momtchil salt, cold and salt-cold-drought; İkizce-96 salt, drought and salt-drought. Einkorn Population 14 was susceptible to all stresses except cold and salt-cold; Population 15 to salt, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Population 11 to salt, drought, saltdrought and salt-cold-drought. These stresses sharply decreased shoot and root length, root fresh and root dry weight. The higher % decreases under salt, cold and drought were in shoot (59.72, 63.25 and 23.17) and root length (32.91, 51.77 and 34.69), root fresh (44.32, 49.11 and 38.88) and root dry weight (21.63, 42.14 and 41.97). Moreover, Pillai’s trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests differentiated both characters and entries (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Momtchil, Gerek-79, Bayraktar- 2000, Populations 5, 6, and 1 are well endorsed against triple seedling stresses.
