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Öğe Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes against common wireworm species in potato cultivation(MDPI, 2023) Askar, Arife Gümüş; Yüksel, Ebubekir; Bozbuğa, Refik; Öcal, Atilla; Kütük, Halil; İmren, MustafaWireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are common insect pests that attack a wide range of economically important crops including potatoes. The control of wireworms is of prime importance in potato production due to the potential damage of the larvae to tuber quantity and quality. Chemical insecticides, the main control strategy against wireworms, generally fail to provide satisfactory control due to the lack of available chemicals and the soil-dwelling habits of the larvae. In the last decades, new eco-friendly concepts have emerged in the sustainable control of wireworms, one of which is entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). EPNs are soil-inhabitant organisms and represent an ecological approach to controlling a great variety of soil-dwelling insect pests. In this study, the susceptibility of Agriotes sputator Linnaeus and A. rufipalpis Brulle larvae, the most common wireworm species in potato cultivation in Turkiye, to native EPN strains [Steinernema carpocapsae (Sc_BL22), S. feltiae (Sf_BL24 and Sf_KAY4), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb_KAY10 and Hb_AF12)] were evaluated at two temperatures (25 and 30 degrees C) in pot experiments. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hb_AF12 was the most effective strain at 30 degrees C six days post-inoculation and caused 37.5% mortality to A. rufipalpis larvae. Agriotes sputator larvae were more susceptible to tested EPNs at the same exposure time, and 50% mortality was achieved by two EPNs species, Hb_AF12 and Sc_BL22. All EPN species/strains induced mortality over 70% to both wireworm species at both temperatures at 100 IJs/cm(2), 18 days post-treatment. The results suggest that tested EPN species/strains have great potential in the control of A. sputator and A. rufipalpis larvae.Öğe Identification and control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in potato-growing areas of Turkey(Springer, 2022) Askar, Arife Gümüş; Yüksel, Ebubekir; Öcal, Atilla; Özer, Göksel; Kütük, Halil; İmren, MustafaThe black cutworm (BCW), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the major pests of potato, and its outbreaks frequently occur in potato-growing areas of Turkey. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are known as an important biocontrol agent to many insects including BCW. In 2020 and 2021, surveys of EPNs were conducted in major potato-growing areas of seven provinces of Turkey, including Afyonkarahisar, Konya, Izmir, Sivas, Bolu, Kayseri, and Nigde, in the sake to find a new sustainable biological control option for BCW. Out of the 400 collected soil samples, 48 samples (12%) consisted of EPNs. Based on the morphological, morphometric, and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 34 isolates were identified as Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, 1934 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), 13 isolates as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), 1 one isolate as Oscheius tipulae Lam and Webster, 1971 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae). The virulence of EPN isolates was assessed on the larvae of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the most pathogenic isolates were further tested for their biocontrol potential against the 3rd/4th larval instar of BCW larvae at two concentrations of 50 and 100 IJs/cm(2) under laboratory conditions. All selected isolates were highly effective against the larvae of BCW, and larval mortality ranged between 70 and 100% for both concentrations after 3 days of exposure time. The maximum mortality (100%) was achieved only by two isolates (H. bacteriophora AF-12 and S. feltiae KAY-4) at the higher concentration of 100 IJs/cm(2). The results indicate that EPNs are abundantly present in potato-growing areas of Turkey and have the potential to be used in the biocontrol of BCW. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of Oscheius tipulae in Turkey.Öğe Molecular identification and biodiversity of wireworm species, Agriotes spp. Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in major potato cultivated areas of Turkiye(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2023) Askar, Arife Gümüş; Yüksel, Ebubekir; Dinçer, Dilek; Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Canhilal, Ramazan; Kütük, HalilWireworms, Agriotes spp. Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are among the most harmful soil-borne insect pests and significantly reduce potato yields under heavy infestations. The presence of wireworm species on potatoes in potato growing areas is not fully known in the provinces of Turkiye. Therefore, this research aimed to identify wireworms molecularly and evaluate their biodiversity in potato growing ecosystems. Here, the first extensive field survey was carried out in Turkiye's principal potato-growing regions in 2019 and 2020 (Afyon, Bolu, Izmir, Kayseri, Konya, Nigde, and Sivas). Species identification of wireworms was performed using DNA barcoding approach based on the fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Samples were collected from 400 potato fields, and 510 larval specimens were obtained. The presence of wireworms was confirmed for Afyon, Bolu, Kayseri, Konya, and Sivas provinces, with an average prevalence of 13.5%, while no positive samples were recovered from Nigde and Izmir. Agriotes sputator (L.,1758) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) was the most prevalent species in surveyed areas. The Shannon index of wireworm species was found to be as 0.59, which implies a low degree of biodiversity of wireworms in potato fields.Öğe Patateste telkurtları (Agriotes spp.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)'nın mücadelesinde entomopatojen nematodların kullanımı(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2024) Askar, Arife Gümüş; İmren, MustafaTelkurtları (Agriotes spp.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) patates yetiştiriciliğinde ekonomik açıdan önemli ürün kayıplarına ve zarara sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde patates yetiştirilen 7 ilde 2020-2021 yıllarında entomopatojen nemotod (EPN) ve telkurdu varlığını saptamak için ilk kez sörveyler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen 48 EPN izolatının morfolojik/morfometrik ve moleküler teşhisi sonucunda 34'ü Steinernema feltiae, 13'ü Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ve 1 tanesi de Oscheius tipulae olarak tanımlanmıştır. Elde edilen 54 telkurdunun moleküler analizi sonucunda 48'inin Agriotes sputator ve 6 tanesinin de Agriotes rufipalpis olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Laboratuvar koşullarında EPN'lerin etkinliklerinin araştırılmasında tesadüfi olarak 6 EPN izolatı seçilmiştir. Bu izolatların, A. sputator ve A. rufipalpis türlerine karşı etkinlikleri, 25 ve 30oC sıcaklıkta, 5 farklı infektif juvenil (IJ) dozundaki ölüm oranlarına 3 ve 7. günde bakılarak değerlendirilmiştir. 3. günde en yüksek ölüm oranı A. sputator larvalarında, %50 ile Sf_BL22 ve Hb_AF12 izolatları oluşturmuştur. 7. günde en yüksek ölüm oranı ise, %87,5 ile A. sputator ve A rufipalpis larvaları üzerinde, sırasıyla Sf_BL24 ve Hb_AF12 izolatları tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. En yüksek uygulama dozunda genellikle tüm izolatlar %80'in üzerinde bir biyolojik etkinlik göstermiştir. Saksı denemelerinde; 3. günde en yüksek ölüm oranı, A. rufipalpis larvaları üzerinde, en yüksek uygulama dozunda %40 ile Sf_KAY4 izolatında, 7. günde en yüksek ölüm oranı ise A. sputator larvaları üzerinde %67,5 ile Sf_BL22 izolatından elde edilmiştir. Tarla koşullarındaki etkinlik çalışmaları Bolu ve Afyonkarahisar illerinde, en etkili iki EPN izolatı (Sf_BL22 ve Hb_N3) ve dozları (1,000,000-1,500,000 IJ/m2) kullanılarak ve bir imidacloprid etken maddeli insektisit uygulaması şeklinde yapılmıştır. Bu illerdeki EPN uygulamasında, iki telkurdu popülasyonunda da %62-90 oranında azalma gözlenmiştir. Bu azalmanın insektisit uygulamasına yakın olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
