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    Interparticle interactions and rheological signatures of Ti3C2Tz MXene dispersions
    (ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2022) Tezel, Güler Bengüsu; Arole, Kailash; Holta, Dustin E.; Radovic, Miladin; Green, Micah J.
    Hypothesis: We hypothesize that dispersed Ti3C2Tz MXene particle interactions are reflected in the bulk viscoelastic properties of the dispersions and can be analyzed using classical colloidal theory for anisotropic particles. The relevant kinetic theory for Brownian anisotropic particles is given by the Doi and Edwards (D-E) Model, and the Maxwell Model is used to fit the relaxation times as a function of frequency. Such behavior is relevant to a variety of MXene processing techniques, particularly printing and coating. Experiments: Small oscillatory shear tests were performed for dilute Ti3C2Tz MXene aqueous dispersions as a function of their concentration and temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), f potential measurements, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the Ti3C2Tz MXene nanoparticles. Findings: Ti3C2Tz dispersions show gel-like and viscous-like behavior at low and high temperatures, respectively. Experimental relaxation times fitted to the Maxwell model are found to be close to the theoretical values. However, at high temperatures, relaxation time values differ due to the inter-particle interactions, even in the dilute concentration regime. For Ti3C2Tz dispersions, aggregation, and clustering can have dramatic consequences for dispersion rheology, including gelation, as the sample transitions from liquid-like to solid-like behavior.
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    Rapid manufacturing via selective radio-frequencyheating and curing of thermosetting resins
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag GMBH, 2022) Sarmah, Anubhav; Desai, Suchi K.; Tezel, Güler Bengüsu; Vashisth, Aniruddh; Mustafa, Mazin M.; Arole, Kailash
    A new method for additive manufacturing of thermosetting resins using selective, localized radio-frequency (RF) heating and curing in a thermoset reservoir is demonstrated. The use of a local RF applicator addresses the challenge of selective curing and printing of heat-curable thermosets from a reservoir of resin, without the addition of photocurable acrylates. The filler of interest is multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which heat up rapidly in response to an RF field. A target temperature can be maintained by modulating the RF power. Multilayered structures were 3D printed by moving the RF applicator relative to the resin reservoir, selectively curing the resin exposed to the field; this process was repeated for each layer. Thermal and mechanical properties of RF-printed samples were compared against conventional samples, with both methods showing similar glass transition temperatures and storage moduli; the RF-heated samples showed a more uniform morphology with lesser voids. The 3D printing process (temperature and conversion varying in space and time) is modeled to demonstrate the scope of this method in printing complex structures. This method of multilayered additive manufacturing of thermosetting resins allows for rapid, free-form processing.