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    The effectiveness of lifestyle adaptation for the prevention of prediabetes in adults: a systematic review
    (Hindawi Ltd, 2017) Kerrison, George; Gillis, Richard B.; Jiwani, Shahwar Imran; Alzahrani, Qushmua; Kök, Şamil
    Diabetes prevalence is increasing exceptionally worldwide and with this come associated healthcare costs. The primary outcome of this systematic review was to assess glycaemic control and incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis after exercise and dietary intervention (measured with any validated scale). The secondary outcome assessed body mass index change, weight change, and physical exercise capacity after diet and exercise intervention (measured with any validated scale). 1,780 studies were identified from searching electronic databases. Relevant studies went through a selection process. The inclusion criteria for all studies were people with prediabetes diagnosed by either impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Lifestyle adaptation reduced the incidence of diabetes development more than standard treatment. Furthermore, better glycaemic control, improved physical exercise capacity, and increased weight reduction were observed with lifestyle intervention over standard treatment. Finally, improvements over the long term deteriorated, highlighting problems with long-term adherence to lifestyle changes. Overall, cumulative incidence of diabetes is drastically reduced in the intervention groups compared to control groups (standard care). Furthermore, glycaemic control was improved in the short term, with many participants reverting to normoglycaemia.
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    Glargine and degludec: solution behaviour of higher dose synthetic insulins
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2017) Adams, Gary G.; Alzahrani, Qushmua; Jiwani, Shahwar Imran; Meal, Andrew; Morgan, Paul S.; Kök, Şamil
    Single, double and triple doses of the synthetic insulins glargine and degludec currently used in patient therapy are characterised using macromolecular hydrodynamic techniques (dynamic light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation) in an attempt to provide the basis for improved personalised insulin profiling in patients with diabetes. Using dynamic light scattering and sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge glargine was shown to be primarily dimeric under solvent conditions used in current formulations whereas degludec behaved as a dihexamer with evidence of further association of the hexamers ("multi-hexamerisation"). Further analysis by sedimentation equilibrium showed that degludec exhibited reversible interaction between mono-and-di-hexamer forms. Unlike glargine, degludec showed strong thermodynamic non-ideality, but this was suppressed by the addition of salt. With such large injectable doses of synthetic insulins remaining in the physiological system for extended periods of time, in some case 24-40 hours, double and triple dose insulins may impact adversely on personalised insulin profiling in patients with diabetes.
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    Matrix-free hydrodynamic study on the size distribution and conformation of three technical lignins from wood and non-wood
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2016) Alzahrani, Qushmua; Adams, Gary; Gillis, Richard B.; Besong, Tabot; Kök, Mehmet Şamil
    Molecular weight (MW) and related conformational data of three commercially available technical lignins (Alcell L, kraft L, and soda L) have been studied by means of analytical ultracentrifugation, taking advantage of some recent developments in both sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium determinations. The lignins were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (with ca. 90% solubility), and solutions were studied with regards to their oligomeric state, heterogeneity profiles (distribution of sedimentation coefficients), and molecular weight distributions (MWD). Alcell L and soda L have similar properties showing one major low MW component and two minor high MW components, whereas kraft L appears to be larger and more uniform, i.e., it shows a more mono-disperse MWD. Weight average molecular weight (M-w) data from sedimentation equilibrium obtained by the new SEDFIT-MSTAR procedure in conjunction with MULTISIG analysis were found to be similar to 18 kDa (Alcell L), 25 kDa (kraft L), and 15 kDa (soda L). Further analysis of the data by means of the routines MULTISIG and M_INVEQ confirmed the presence of additional components in Alcell L and soda L, and the larger size and high degree of mono-dispersity of kraft L. The intrinsic viscosity data of the three lignins were found to be very similar in the range of 22-24 ml g(-1), and all data were consistent with an elongated plate shape molecular structure with an equivalent discoid aspect ratio similar to 30.
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    Ultracentrifuge methods for the analysis of polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and lignins
    (Elsevier Academic Press Inc, 2015) Harding, Stephen E.; Adams, Gary G.; Almutairi, Fahad; Alzahrani, Qushmua; Erten, Tayyibe; Kök, Mehmet Şamil
    Although like proteins, polysaccharides are synthesized by enzymes, unlike proteins there is no template. This means that they are polydisperse, do not generally have compact folded structures, and are often very large with greater nonideality behavior in solution. This chapter considers the relevant analytical ultracentrifuge methodology available for characterizing these and related carbohydrate-based systems and information this methodology supplies, in terms of sizes, shapes, and interactions using a comprehensive range of examples, including glycoconjugates and lignins. The relevance and potential of recent software developments such as SEDFIT-MSTAR, the Extended Fujita algorithm, and HYDFIT are considered.