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Öğe Genetic diversity and population structure of endangered rosewood from the Peruvian Amazon using ISSR markers(Inst Nacional Pesquisas Amazonia, 2020) Vasquez Guizado, Stalin Juan; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Ali, Fawad; Barut, Muzaffer; Habyarimana, Ephrem; Pacheco Gomez, Tedi; Vargas Santillan, Jhon Antoni; Baloch, Faheem ShehzadRosewood, Aniba rosaeodora is an endangered species in Amazon forests and its natural stands have been heavily depleted due to over-exploitation for the cosmetic industry. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 90 rosewood accessions from eight localities in the Peruvian Amazon through 11 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers. The ISSR primers produced a sum of 378 bands, of which 375 (99.2%) were polymorphic, with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.774. The mean effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon informative index (I), gene diversity (He) and total gene diversity (Ht) were 1.485, 0.294, 0.453 and 0.252, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed the presence of maximum variability within populations (88%). The Structure algorithm, neighbor joining and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped the 90 rosewood accessions into three main populations (A, B and C). Diversity indices at the inter-population level revealed a greater genetic diversity in population A, due to higher gene flow. The neighbor-joining analysis grouped populations A and B, while population C was found to be divergent at the inter population level. We concluded that population A reflects higher genetic diversity and should be prioritized for future management and conservation plans.Öğe Genetic diversity, population structure and marker- trait association for 100-seed weight in international safflower panel using silicodart marker information(MDPI AG, 2020) Ali, Fawad; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Barut, Muzaffer; Habyarimana, Ephrem; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Shehzad Baloch, FaheemSafflower is an important oilseed crop mainly grown in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The aim of this study was to explore phenotypic and genetic diversity, population structure, and marker-trait association for 100-seed weight in 94 safflower accessions originating from 26 countries using silicoDArT markers. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant genotypic effects (p < 0.01), while Turkey samples resulted in higher 100-seed weight compared to Pakistan samples. A Constellation plot divided the studied germplasm into two populations on the basis of their 100-seed weight. Various mean genetic diversity parameters including observed number of alleles (1.99), effective number of alleles (1.54), Shannon’s information index (0.48), expected heterozygosity (0.32), and unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.32) for the entire population exhibited sufficient genetic diversity using 12232 silicoDArT markers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the variations (91%) in world safflower panel are due to differences within country groups. A model-based structure grouped the 94 safflower accessions into populations A, B, C and an admixture population upon membership coefficient. Neighbor joining analysis grouped the safflower accessions into two populations (A and B). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also clustered the safflower accessions on the basis of geographical origin. Three accessions; Egypt-5, Egypt-2, and India-2 revealed the highest genetic distance and hence might be recommended as candidate parental lines for safflower breeding programs. The mixed linear model i.e., the Q + K model, demonstrated that two DArTseq markers (DArT-45483051 and DArT-15672391) had significant association (p < 0.01) for 100-seed weight. We envisage that identified DArTseq markers associated with 100-seed weight will be helpful to develop high-yielding cultivars of safflower through marker-assisted breeding in the near future.Öğe Genomics, phenomics, and next breeding tools for genetic improvement of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Yilmaz, Abdurrahim; Yeken, Mehmet Zahit; Ali, Fawad; Barut, Muzaffer; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Yilmaz, Hilal; Naeem, MuhammadSafflower is one of the most important oilseed crops with high-quality seed oil. It can be grown especially in the arid and semiarid regions in the world. The main reason why safflower is not widely cultivated is because of its low yield. Various breeding efforts have made a significant contribution to the improvement of safflower; however, it seems necessary to exploit the potentiality of this underutilized plant. The development of new and improved safflower varieties will improve the sustainability of this crop to different environmental conditions. Classic breeding efforts made great efforts in safflower breeding; however, these techniques have been slow to develop complex traits such as yield, oil yield, some quality traits, and biotic-abiotic stress resistance. Recent advancements in molecular markers and genome sequencing technologies enhanced the breeding activities and aided the scientific community to understand and comprehensively explore the genetic diversity and population structure of safflower. Phenotypic and molecular characterization helped the construction of genetic linkage maps, leading to a better understanding of complex quantitative characters for safflower varieties. The present chapter articulates different aspects of safflower including phenomics, chemical content, origin-diffusion, similarity centers, wild relatives, genetic resources, trades, and comprehensive advancement in safflower breeding in terms of classical breeding, tissue culture, QTL mapping, association mapping, transgenic breeding, genome editing, and speed breeding. This information will lead to more short-term solutions in breeding safflower crop and will provide more practical information for breeders in the near future. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.Öğe Investigation of morphoagronomic performance and selection indices in the international safflower panel for breeding perspectives(2020) Ali, Fawad; Yılmaz, Abdurrahim; Chaudhary, Hassan Javed; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Rabbani, Malik Ashiq; Arslan, Yusuf; Baloch, Faheem ShehzadDeveloping high yielding safflower cultivars with good adaptation to diverse environmental conditions can improve production in terms of seed yield and reduce the deficiency in edible oil. The genetic variability that exists among and within populations for desirable agronomic traits can be used to develop elite cultivars. A total of 94 safflower accessions from 26 different countries were used in this study to evaluate morphoagronomic performance, determine the pattern of similarity centers, and identify the best performing accessions by conducting 2 field experiments in Pakistan and Turkey using augmented design. Genetic diversity for important yield and yield traits was described including capitulum diameter (17.30 to 28.30 mm), branches per plant (5.10 to 17.30), capitula per plant (8.70 to 80.40), and seed yield per plant (4.86 to 51.02 g). These analyses showed a good level of variation in the current study. Using principal component analysis, it was observed that days to flower initiation, days to 50% flowering, days to flower completion, seed yield per plant, capitula per plant, branches per plant, seeds per capitulum, and capitulum diameter were the major contributors to the observed genetic variability in the evaluated safflower panel. Seed yield per plant reflected a significant and positive correlation with capitula per plant, branches per plant, and capitulum diameter, and these traits can be suggested as a selection criterion in safflower breeding programs. The hierarchical clustering was in agreement with the patterns of 7 similarity centers based on seed yield per plant, capitula per plant, capitulum diameter, and branches per plant. During this study, a few promising safflower accessions were selected for future breeding programs.Öğe Mobile genomic element diversity in world collection of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) panel using iPBS-retrotransposon markers(Public Library Science, 2019) Ali, Fawad; Yılmaz, Abdurrahim; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Habyarimana, Ephrem; Subaşı, İlhan; Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad; Chaudhary, Hassan JavedSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop of dry land yielding very high quality of edible oil. Present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 131 safflower accessions originating from 28 different countries using 13 iPBS-retrotransposon markers. A total of 295 iPBS bands were observed among which 275 (93.22%) were found polymorphic. Mean Polymorphism information content (0.48) and diversity parameters including mean effective number of alleles (1.33), mean Shannon's information index (0.33), overall gene diversity (0.19), Fstatistic (0.21), and inbreeding coefficient (1.00) reflected the presence of sufficient amount of genetic diversity in the studied plant materials. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that more than 40% of genetic variation was derived from populations. Model-based structure, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) algorithms clustered the 131 safflower accessions into four main populations A, B, C, D and an unclassified population, with no meaningful geographical origin. Most diverse accessions originated from Asian countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Turkey, and India. Four accessions, Turkey3, Afghanistan4, Afghanistan2, and Pakistan24 were found most genetically distant and might be recommended as a candidate parents for breeding purposes. The findings of this study are most probably supported by the seven similarity centers hypothesis of safflower. This is a first study to explore the genetic diversity and population structure in safflower accessions using the iPBS-retrotransposon markers. The information provided in this work will therefore be helpful for scientists interested in safflower breeding.Öğe Molecular characterization of genetic diversity and similarity centers of safflower accessions with ISSR markers(Soc Botanica Sao Paulo, 2020) Ali, Fawad; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Habyarimana, Ephrem; Yılmaz, Abdurrahim; Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad; Khalil, Iftikhar Hussain; Ercişli, Sezai; Baloch, Faheem ShehzadCrop genetic resources are vital inputs in crop genetic improvement. In this study, genetic diversity, population structure, and similarity centers for 131 safflower accessions obtained from 28 countries were investigated using 12 ISSR markers. A sum of 201 ISSR bands were obtained among which 188 (93.844%) were found polymorphic. Mean polymorphism information content (0.448) and diversity parameters including mean effective number of alleles (1.655), mean Shannon's information index (0.557), mean expected heterozygosity (0.354), and mean overall gene diversity (0.377) showed a good level of genetic diversity in the studied safflower materials. Model-based structure, unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means, and principal coordinate analysis clustered all accessions into three main populations; A, B, and C and an unclassified population. Accessions originated from Asian countries like Pakistan and Israel were found most diverse. Three accessions, Pakistan-11, Israel-1, and Pakistan-26, were found most genetically distant and might be used as parental sources for genetic combinations in safflower breeding activities. Analysis of molecular variance revealed highly significant differentiation among the identified populations and population x country combinations. The results presented in this work most probably supported the hypothesis of seven similarity centers of safflower but need to be validated with further confirmed investigations. The information provided herein is expected to be helpful for the scientific community interested in safflower breeding.Öğe Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationship of Turkish wild and cultivated emmer (triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) revealed by ipbs-retrotransposons markers(Friends Science Publ, 2019) Arystanbekkyzy, Meerim; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Aktaş, Hüsnü; Yeken, Mehmet Zahit; Zencirci, Nusret; Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad; Ali, Fawad; Baloch, Faheem ShahzadWild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) is the progenitor of cultivated wheat. Turkey is the main center of wheat and plays a vital role in the spread of various crops among the continents. Karacadag region is considered as the domestication center of wheat and still, hundreds of landraces are prevalent. A total of 29 wild emmer landraces, 4 cultivated emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum) and five durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum) cultivars were investigated for the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship using the iPBS-retrotransposons markers. Mean polymorphism and polymorphic information contents (PIC) were 87.85% and 0.660, respectively. Mean effective numbers of alleles (1.961), Shannon's Information Index (0.682) and gene diversity (0.489) reflected the occurrence of a great level of variations. T17 and Chermik-1 genotypes were found much distinct and breeding valuable genotypes for wheat breeding. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) divided all genotypes by their genetic makeup and geographical locations. Among 3 species, UPGMA based clustering clearly separated the durum wheat from wild emmer and cultivated emmer wheat. Results are clearly supported by the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and model-based structure algorithm. Information provided herein comprehensively reflected the power of iPBS-retrotransposons for the diversity and phylogenetic relationship investigation and reflected that this marker system can be effectively applied to investigate phylogenetic and taxonomic relationship in any crop due to its universal nature. (C) 2019 Friends Science Publishers
