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Öğe Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of various alcohol blends in a single cylinder diesel engine(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Emiroğlu, Alaattin Osman; Şen, MehmetIn this study, the influence of the various alcohol additions in diesel fuel on combustion, performance, and exhaust emission characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine was investigated at different loads. The alcohol blends obtained by mixing 10% of butanol, ethanol, and methanol with diesel fuel (called B10, E10 and M10 respectively) and petroleum-based diesel fuel (D100) were used in the experiments. The results showed that the ignition delay of the alcohol blends is longer than D100 due to the low cetane number of the alcohol fuels. Their peak cylinder pressures are higher compared to the diesel fuel for all engine loads. In addition, the maximum heat release rates of the alcohol blends are higher than diesel fuel due to the longer ignition delay and excessive oxygen content of alcohols. D100 has the lowest brake specific fuel consumption and the highest brake thermal efficiency compared to alcohol blends for all engine loads because of the higher heating value. B10, E10, and M10 follow D100 respectively in accordance with the heating values of the fuels. Also, alcohol addition causes a slight increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions while causing a reduction in smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.Öğe Combustion, performance and exhaust emission characterizations of a diesel engine operating with a ternary blend (alcohol-biodiesel-diesel fuel)(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Emiroğlu, Alaattin Osman; Şen, MehmetInterest in alternative and clean energy has increased in order to meet increasing energy need and control over air pollution. In this context, studies on renewable alternative fuels such as biodiesel and alcohols for diesel engines continue intensively. However, pure biodiesel cannot be used alone in diesel engines due to its high density and viscosity. Therefore, in order to improve the density and viscosity of the biodiesel blend, alcohols are used as a fuel additive. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the biodiesel and various alcohols additions to petroleum-based diesel fuel (DF) on combustion, performance and emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine at different engine loads. In preparing the fuel blends used in the experiments, 20% cottonseed biodiesel was first mixed with DF and coded as B20. The mixture ratio was set at 20% biodiesel: 10% butanol, 10% ethanol, or 10% methanol and coded as B20Bu10, B20E10, and B20M10, respectively. Our results showed that ignition delay (ID) of the biodiesel and alcohol blends was longer than that of DF because of their low cetane numbers. The values of maximum cylinder pressure (CPmax), maximum pressure rise (R-max), and maximum heat release rate (HRRmax) of B20 and their locations were very close to the DF at all the loads. However, due to the low cetane number of the alcohols and the rapid combustion of the fuel accumulated in the combustion chamber during the long ignition delay, the CPmax, HRRmax. and R-max, values of the alcohol blends were higher than those of B20 and DF for all the engine loads. This difference was more apparent at the high engine loads. Since the heating values of the biodiesel and alcohols were lower than those of DF, the B20 and alcohol blends had higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) values of all the fuels used in the experiments were very close to each other, followed a similar trend and reached their maximum at 0.27 MPa. The B20 and alcohol blends led to a slight increase in nitrogen oxide (NO) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions while reducing smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. With the addition of the alcohols, a significant reduction in smoke emissions was observed at all the engine loads due to the high oxygen content and low C/H of the alcohols.Öğe Deri Endüstrisi Atık Yağlarından Üretilen Biyodizelin Dizel Motor Yanma Performans ve Emisyonlarına Etkisinin İncelenmesi(2022) Inal, Oğulcan Mustafa; Keskin, Ahmet; Emiroğlu, Alaattin Osman; Şen, MehmetBu çalışmada öncelikle deri endüstri atık yağından biyodizel yakıtı üretilmiştir. Daha sonra elde edilen biyodizel, petrol kökenli dizel yakıtı (D100) ile %10 ve %30 oranlarında karıştırılarak sırasıyla elde edilen D90 ve D70 yakıt karışımlarının motor performans, egzoz emisyon ve yanma karakteristikleri analiz edilerek referans motorin yakıtı ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Motor testlerinde, hava soğutmalı, tek silindirli, dört zamanlı ve direk püskürtmeli bir dizel motoru kullanılmıştır. Deneyler motor tam yükte iken farklı motor devirlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Test sonuçları, biyodizel karışımlarının yanma sürelerinin kısa olması sebebiyle maksimum ısı salınımı ile maksimum silindir basıncının motorine kıyasla daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Biyodizel oranının artmasıyla ısıl verim ve moment değerlerinde azalma gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, biyodizel karışımları, NOx emisyonlarında önemli bir değişikliğe neden olmazken, is emisyonlarında ise azalmaya neden olmuştur.Öğe The effect of the injection pressure on single cylinder diesel engine fueled with propanol-diesel blend(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Şen, MehmetIn this study, the impact of fuel injection pressure on the exhaust emissions, combustion characteristics and engine performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with 15% propanol-85% diesel blend (Pro15) was investigated. The engine was run at three fuel injection pressures (190, 210, and 230 bar) under two engine loads (brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 2 bar and 4 bar) at two engine speeds (1800 rpm and 2400 rpm). The results confirmed that the increased pressure of injection caused to decrease the advance of injection. The increase in the ignition delay at high injection pressure for Pro15 was obtained less than those of low and original injection pressures. The combustion duration of Pro15 was shorter compared to petroleum-based diesel fuel. Increasing the injection pressure reduced the combustion duration slightly. The lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was found at low injection pressure for both engine loads at 2400 rpm. Also, the addition of propanol to petroleum-based diesel fuel generally resulted in a decrease in smoke opacity and NOx emissions.Öğe Experimental investigation of the effects of chicken and Turkey biodiesel blends on diesel engine noise emissions(Springer, 2019) Dal, Hüseyin; Emiroğlu, Alaattin Osman; Bilge, Habibullah; Şen, MehmetIn today's technology age, especially in urban areas, one of the most important sources of environmental noise pollution is diesel engines. Due to the limited availability of petroleum-based fuels, produced in only certain regions of the world maps, high cost, and being one of the most important causes of environmental pollution, in recent years, researchers have intensively focused on the study of alternative energy sources. Today, one of the most important alternative energy sources is biodiesel obtained from various natural sources. In this study, the effect of broiler chicken and turkey biodiesel on the noise emission of diesel engines was investigated experimentally. The biodiesels were produced with special methods using broiler chicken and turkey rendering fats. Two different kinds of biodiesels were homogeneously blended into the diesel fuel at proportions of 10%, 20%, and 50%. Engine tests were carried out at full load at various engine speeds and partial loads at a constant speed of 2000 rpm. During the experiments, noise measurements of the engine were taken by hand-held noise analyser. For more detailed assessment, 1/3 octave band noise analysis between 10 and 10 kHz was performed as well. Compared with diesel fuel, results of the noise analyses showed that use of biodiesel blends produced from broiler chicken and turkey rendering fat in diesel fuel has no significantly effect on engine noise emissions. Biodiesels produced from broiler chicken and turkey fats can be used safely in terms of noise emissions as engine fuels.Öğe Experimental investigation of the effects of turkey rendering fat biodiesel on combustion, performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Emiroğlu, Alaattin Osman; Keskin, Ahmet; Şen, MehmetIn this study, turkey rendering fat biodiesel (TRFB) was produced by two-step reactions (esterification and transesterification). Fatty acid ester content and yield in methyl ester were found 96.7% and 88.5% respectively. TRFB was blended with diesel fuel (DF) at 10%, 20%, and 50% (v/v) proportion to obtain fuel blends named TRFB10, TRFB20 and TRFB50, respectively. The effects of TRFB blends on the combustion, performance and exhaust emissions of a direct injection single cylinder diesel engine were systematically investigated under different engine loads, at the constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. The results show that the maximum cylinder pressure (CPmax) and maximum heat release rate (HRRmax) values of the TRFB blends were higher than those of DF for all engine loads because of the low cetane number of the TRFB and the rapid burning of the fuel accumulated in the combustion chamber during the long ignition delay. It was observed that the DF has a higher exhaust gas temperature than the biodiesel blends at high loads because of the longer combustion duration of the DF. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) values of the TRFB blends were found to be lower than those of DF at all loads. Since the heating value of the biodiesel is lower than that of DF, it was observed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values of TRFB blends are higher compared to those of DF. In addition, TRFB10, TRFB20 and TRFB50 blends reduce smoke opacity approximately 20%, 25% and, 40%, respectively, and cause a slight increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.Öğe Experimental studies on biodiesel production from leather industry waste fat and its effect on diesel engine characteristics(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Keskin, Ahmet; Şen, Mehmet; Emiroğlu, Alaattin OsmanIn this study, biodiesel was produced from the leather industry waste fat (LWFB), which is harmful to the environment and paid for its disposal. The methyl ester yield of the produced biodiesel was found to be 86.8%. LWFB was mixed with petroleum diesel fuel at 10% and 30% ratios and was named LWFB10 and LWFB30, respectively. The impacts of LWFB blends on a single cylinder four stroke cycle direct injection diesel engine operating characteristics were analyzed under different engine loads and speeds. The results showed that the LWFB blends began to be injected earlier than petroleum-based diesel fuel. The ignition delay was almost the same for all test fuels since the cetane number of LWFB is the same as the reference diesel fuel. The combustion duration of LWFB blends were shorter at all engine loads and speeds than diesel fuel. The peak values of cylinder pressure and heat release rate of LWFB blends were almost the same as the diesel fuel. It was noticed that the brake specific fuel consumption values of LWFB blends were higher than the reference diesel fuel at all engine loads and speeds and brake thermal efficiency was inversely proportional to brake specific fuel consumption as expected. It was also found that LWFB blends reduced smoke emissions but did not cause a significant change in NOx emissions.Öğe Impact of pentanol addition and injection timing on the characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine(Amer Chemical Soc, 2019) Şen, Mehmet; Emiroğlu, Alaattin Osman; Keskin, AhmetIn this study, first, the effects of addition of 10% (Pen10), 20% (Pen20), and 30% (Pen30) pentanol on the performance, combustion, and emissions of a diesel engine were investigated. Then, the effect of injection timing for Pen30 fuel was investigated by changing the original injection timing of 20 to 22 and 24 degrees BTDC (before top dead center). The engine tests were performed under different loads at 2400 rpm. The results indicated that, with the advancing of the diesel injection timing and increasing the pentanol ratio in the fuel blends, the ignition delay increased and the start of combustion delayed. The maximum heat release rate and cylinder pressure values of pentanol blends were found to be higher than those of diesel fuel. Both the maximum cylinder pressure and the maximum heat release rate increased with the advancing of the diesel injection timing to 22 and 24 degrees BTDC. Brake-specific fuel consumption value of Pen30 was higher than that of diesel fuel at the original injection timing, and it decreased as the injection timing was advanced to 22 and 24 BTDC as compared to that of the original injection timing. NOx emission decreased with the increasing pentanol fraction. Also, NOx emissions increased significantly at 24 BTDC injection timing but decreased slightly at 22 degrees BTDC injection timing. Smoke emissions of the pentanol blends are lower than those of the diesel fuel under all operating conditions as well as decreased with the advancing injection timing.Öğe The influence of canola oil biodiesel on performance, combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of a small diesel engine(2019) Şen, MehmetIn this work, the influence of canola oil biodiesel addition to eurodiesel was evaluated on combustion, performance characteristics and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine. In the experiments, fuel mixtures obtained by adding 10%, 20% and 50% canola oil biodiesel (named COB10, COB20 and COB50 respectively) to eurodiesel fuel (COB0) were used. The test engine was loaded at full load with electrical dynamometer and data was recorded between 1500 rpm and 3000 rpm at 500 rpm intervals. The result show that addition of biodiesel to eurodiesel reduced cylinder pressure, engine torque and BTE while increased BSFC. Ignition delay decreased slightly with the addition of biodiesel. NOx emission and smoke density were decreased as the biodiesel content increase in the fuel blends.Öğe Production of biodiesel from broiler chicken rendering fat and ınvestigation of its effects on combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel engine(Amer Chemical Soc, 2018) Şen, Mehmet; Emiroğlu, Alaattin Osman; Keskin, AhmetThis study is interested in two-step biodiesel production meeting compatibility requirements in the biodiesel fuel standards by use of broiler chicken rendering fat extracted from a slaughterhouse as feedstock. Broiler rendering fat biodiesel (BRFB) was mixed with petroleum-based diesel fuel (DF) at the ratios of 10%, 20%, and 50%, respectively, so that the fuel blends named BRFB10, BRFB20, and BRFB50 were obtained successfully. The effects of BRFB blends on the performance, exhaust emissions, and combustion behaviors of single cylinder diesel engine with a direct injection were systematically investigated at different engine speeds in the case of full engine load. The values of CPmax and HRRmax of BRFB blends were observed to be higher as compared to those of DF. This is attributed to both the low cetane number of BRFB and rapid combustion of accumulated fuel in the combustion chamber throughout the long ID. The torque values of BRFB blends were observed to be higher as compared to those of DF. Moreover, the NOx emissions were obtained to enhance slightly whereas the quantities of smoke opacity, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions were noted to decrease by using the BRFB blends. The engine performance and emission test results showed that the ideal fuel mixture ratio is achieved with the BRFB20 blend.Öğe Taşıt Emisyonlarının Azaltılmasında Pd-Rh/ZnO Nanotel Katalizörün Katalitik Aktivitesinin İncelenmesi(2017) Emiroğlu, Osman; Şen, MehmetBu çalışmada, katalitik konvertörlerde kullanılan geleneksel taşıyıcı malzemelere alternatif olarak çinko oksit nanotel dizinleri kullanılmıştır. ZnO nanotel dizinleri, geleneksel katalitik konvertörlerde taşıyıcı malzeme olarak kullanılan gözenekli yapılara göre çok daha açık bir yüzey morfolojisine sahiptirler. Dolayısıyla, egzoz emisyon gazlarının nanotel üzerine kaplanmış olan katalitik olarak aktif metallere daha kolay ulaşması beklenmektedir. Ayrıca, kordiyerit tabaka üzerine kaplanan ZnO nanotel kalınlığı, alümina kaplama kalınlığına kıyasla çok daha ince olmasından dolayı, daha az basınç düşmesine neden olacaktır. Bu amaçla, ilk başta üzerine herhangi bir kaplama yapılmamış çıplak kordiyerit üzerinde hidrotermal yöntemle ZnO nanotel kaplama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra, katalitik olarak aktif olan paladyum ve rodyum birlikte nanotel üzerine sulu emdirme yöntemiyle emdirilerek Pd-Rh/ZnO nanotel katalizörü hazırlanmıştır. Numune üzerine nanotel kaplama ve aktif metal emdirme işlemlerinden sonra SEM, SEM-EDS, TEM ve XRD analizleri yapılarak, tüm işlem basamaklarının başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirildiği tespit edilmiştir. Hazırlanan katalizörün CO ve C3H8 oksidasyonu ile NO indirgeme performansları zengin, fakir ve stokiyometrik karışım oranlarında ve değişik sıcaklıklarda test edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, ZnO nanotel dizinlerinin geleneksel aktif metal taşıyıcı malzemelere alternatif olabilme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedirÖğe Yapay Sinir Ağı Kullanarak Kanola Yağı Biyodizel Karışımları İçin Motor Performansı, Yanma ve Emisyon Tahmini(2019) Şen, MehmetBu çalışmada bir dizel motorda kullanılan dizel yakıtı ve kanola yağından üretilen biyodizel karışımlarının;emisyon, performans ve yanma deneysel verileri ile yapay sinir ağları ile oluşturulan modelin sonuçlarıkarşılaştırılmıştır. Modelin oluşturulması için 44 farklı motor deney sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Ağın eğitimindegeri beslemeli algoritma kullanılmıştır. Öğrenme algoritması olarak trainlm, gizli katmanda logsig ve çıkışkatmanında ise purelin fonksiyonları kullanılmıştır. Ağ eğitiminde giriş değişkenleri: karışımdaki dizel yakıtoranı, kanola yağı biyodizel oranı, motor devri ve motor momentidir. Çıkışta ise özgül yakıt tüketimi (ÖYT),egzoz sıcaklığı, yanma verimi, püskürtme başlangıcı, yanma başlangıcı, tutuşma gecikmesi, yanma süresi,duman koyuluğu ve NOx değerlerinin her biri için ayrı model oluşturulmuştur. YSA modellerinin R2değerleritutuşma gecikmesi için 0,998, yanma süresi için 0,992, duman koyuluğu için 0,984, NOx için ise 0,990 olarakhesaplanmıştır. R2değerleri ÖYT, egzoz sıcaklığı, yanma verimi, püskürtme başlangıcı ve yanma başlangıcıdeğerleri için ise 0,999„dan yüksek bulunmuştur.
