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    Egg parasitoids of green shield bug, Palomena prasina L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in hazelnut orchards of Turkey
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Özdemir, İsmail Oğuz; Tuncer, Celal; Tortorici, Francesco; Özer, Göksel
    Green shield bug (GSB), Palomena prasina L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of hazelnut orchards causing significant yield and quality losses in Turkey. The application of insecticides is the only option to manage GSB in Turkey; however, effective and alternative eco-friendly control practices are needed to manage the pest in the country. Surveys of egg parasitoids using frozen sentinel egg masses were conducted in the main hazelnut-growing regions of Turkey. Furthermore, the composition of native species parasitising GSB eggs and their parasitism rates were determined under field conditions. A total of 11,570 eggs were exposed to field conditions, of which 10,386 eggs were recovered from the surveyed area after 7 days in 2018 and 2019. Trissolcus cultratus, Tr. belenus, Tr. sp1, Telenomus turesis, and Te. sp1 were morphologically identified as egg parasitoids, which was molecularly confirmed based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (CO1). The parasitism rate was 9.3% for all eggs exposed to field conditions. Trissolcus cultratus was the predominant species and responsible for 70.06% of the parasitism rate, followed by Tr. belenus (15.75%), Te. turesis (10.26%), Te. sp1 (3.83%), and Tr. sp1 (0.01%). The existence of Tr. cultratus is reported for the first time in Turkey. The egg parasitoid species of GSB determined in this study witnessed the presence of natural parasitism in the natural habitat of the pest. Furthermore, it must be considered that Tr. cultratus can act as a facultative hyperparasitoid.
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    Molecular characterization of native entomopathogenic fungi from ambrosia beetles in hazelnut orchards of Turkey and evaluation of their in vitro efficacy
    (MDPI, 2022) Kushiyev, Rahman; Tunçer, Celal; Özdemir, İsmail Oğuz; Erper, İsmail; Kalendar, Ruslan; Alkan, Mehtap; Özer, Göksel
    Turkey is the world’s largest producer and exporter of hazelnut. Ambrosia beetle species are the most common species of pests for hazelnut in the orchards of Turkey. These beetles cause enormous economic losses by draining hazelnut branches and trees. The techniques for managing ambrosia beetles are limited. The more effective and eco-friendly alternative control methods, including the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), should be included in integrated pest management programs to suppress ambrosia beetle populations. The objectives of the current study were (i) to isolate EPF from individual ambrosia beetles that were obtained from Turkey’s main hazelnut production areas; (ii) to characterize EPF isolates using DNA sequencing and iPBS profiling; and (iii) to assess the effectiveness of the isolates against three ambrosia beetle species under laboratory conditions. A total of 47 EPF isolates were obtained from beetle cadavers and classified into eight EPF species. For the first time, the primer binding site (PBS) marker system was used to successfully discriminate among the EPF species. Some isolates caused 100% mortality of the beetle species within 7 to 9 days, depending on the beetle species, demonstrating their effectiveness in managing the pests. The major EPF species in this study provided an important basis for developing bioproducts and a possible alternative approach in controlling these ambrosia beetles. Abstract: Ambrosia beetles, Anisandrus dispar Fabricius, Xylosandrus germanus Blandford, and Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are among the most significant hazelnut pests in Turkey. The control of these pests is difficult and expensive due to their biology. The present study aimed to isolate entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) from A. dispar, X. germanus, and X. saxesenii individuals that were obtained from the main hazelnut production areas of Turkey, characterize the EPF isolates using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-DNA sequencing and iPBS profiling, and determine the efficacy of the isolates against A. dispar, X. germanus, and X. saxesenii under laboratory conditions. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS revealed that the 47 native isolates were Beauveria bassiana (11), B. pseudobassiana (8), Cordyceps fumosorosea (6), Cordyceps farinosa (1), Akanthomyces lecanii (13), Purpureocillium lilacinum (3), Clonostachys rosea (2) and Metarhizium anisopliae (3). For the first time, the primer binding site (PBS) marker system, based on retrotransposons, was used to discriminate successfully among the EPF species. Some isolates of B. bassiana, B. pseudobassiana, C. fumosorosea, A. lecanii, and M. anisopliae caused 100% mortality of the beetle species within 7 to 9 days. The findings of this study indicated that some isolated entomopathogenic fungi provide an essential basis for the development of bioproducts, as well as a promising alternative method for controlling these ambrosia beetles.